However, New Jersey eventually funded publications in the early 1850s of accurate agriculture-related surveys through the effort of George Hammell Cook. Explore rich culture in cities like Princeton and New Brunswick, both part of our nation’s history. Camp Kilmer was a staging area near New Brunswick that served the port of New York. The new constitution also provided a bill of rights. One of the first European explorers to see the land that became New Jersey was Henry Hudson, who in 1609 sailed along the coast in his ship the Half Moon. Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.). Initially, small out-posts were built for the fur trade. The proprietors appointed Philip Carteret as the first governor of New Jersey, who designated Elizabethtown as the colony's capital. In 1524 the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to reach New Jersey. One of the most dramatic war events in the Northeast occurred in 1945, when US forces hit and sank a German U-boat (U-869) off the coast of New Jersey. Princeton became the temporary capital for the nation for four months. The first ocean-going steamboat went from Hoboken, New Jersey, sailed around southern New Jersey, and ended in Philadelphia. He was tried in Flemington, New Jersey in what was known as the "Trial of the Century", and was convicted. At the end of World War II, the government closed down the internment camps, but many people from the camps continued to work at Seabrook Farms.[41]. The next European settlement was on the banks of the Upper New York Bay across the Hudson[7] from Fort Amsterdam (in Manhattan) in 1630. On the night of December 25–26, 1776, the Continental Army, commanded by General George Washington, made the famous crossing of the Delaware River. The scene was immortalized in Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze's painting Washington Crossing the Delaware,[22] and displayed on the New Jersey State Quarter. One of his famous sayings was, "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99% perspiration", as his efforts consisted of research and testing. Located at Paulus Hook it was part of the patroonship Pavonia, named (in Latinized form) for Micheal Pauw[8] who had bought the tract from the Lenape. No specific agreements were reached, especially in the area of restrictions on anti-ballistic missile systems. [39] Fort Hancock was also opened in Sandy Hook. The Zierdt site in Montague, Sussex County and the Plenge site along the Musconetcong River in Franklin Township, Warren County, as well as the Dutchess Cave in Orange County, New York, represent camp sites of Paleo-Indians. The New Jersey Colony was originally named the Province of New Jersey, after the British island named Jersey. In 1524 the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to reach New Jersey. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. 1680 – Duke of York's Second Grant to William Penn, Gawn Lawry, Nicholas Lucas, John Eldridge, Edmund Warner, and Edward Byllynge, for the Soil and Government of West New Jersey-August 6; 1681 – Province of West New-Jersey, in America, The 25th of the Ninth Month Called November; 1682 – Duke of York's Confirmation to the 24 Proprietors: 14 March When Virginia delegates proposed a plan calling for representation based on the population of each state, the smaller states refused, fearing that with such a plan they would no longer have a say in government affairs. Millville Airport opened on August 2, 1941. Like much of the rest of the United States, New Jersey entered a prosperous state through the 1920s. ", Historical Census Browser, 1860 US Census, University of Virginia, "World War II Time Line: New Jersey and the World", "Progress toward Equal Educational Opportunity for Urban Students in New Jersey", "THE ELLIS ISLAND VERDICT: THE RULING; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island", Federal Writers' Project, Works Progress Administration. Standard Oil Company was split into 34 smaller companies as a result of the dissolution. In 1911, the United States Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, viewing it as violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. Donald E. Bender (1999). Trenton, which had served briefly as the national capital in 1784, was made the state capital in 1790. New Jersey grew and prospered during the early 1800s. The 1860 Census found just over 25,000 free African Americans in the state. Like the rest of the United States, the people of New Jersey were hit hard by the Great Depression. Later, systems of canals were built, the first of which is called the Morris Canal and ran from Phillipsburg, New Jersey, on the Delaware River to Jersey City, New Jersey, on the Hudson River. The second version of the New Jersey State Constitution was written in 1844. [15] However, the two proprietors found collecting the quitrents difficult, and on March 18, 1674 Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to the Quakers.[16][17]. The Benjamin Franklin Bridge was completed linking Camden and Philadelphia in 1926. Retrieved December 17, 2005. In 1835, Samuel Colt began producing firearms in the city. However, the English seized the Dutch colony of New Netherland in 1664. (See Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal). 1930-1932. In honour of Carteret, who was Governor of the island of Jersey, this territory received the name of New Jersey. Although no Civil War battles were fought within New Jersey, the state sent over 88,000 soldiers as part of some 31 infantry and cavalry regiments, and over 6,000 died in the war. Descendants of Founders of New Jersey; a society of those associated with the earliest development of our state. In the Paterson riot, twenty stores and other buildings were damaged, and eight people were injured. See. [29] Philip Kearny, an officer from the Mexican–American War, led a brigade of New Jersey regiments under Brigadier General William B. Franklin. New Jersey had no Lieutenant Governor position at the time, leaving a vacancy in the office. After a long season of confusion it was decided to surrender the whole colony to the Crown, and in 1702 New Jersey became a royal province administered by the royal governor of New York initiated by Queen Anne. After the war, many of these companies and plants shifted to chemicals, making New Jersey one of the world's leading chemical producers. In the summer of 1967, urban residents, primarily African Americans, rioted for five days in Newark and the neighboring city of Plainfield. This position was first filled by the election of Kim Guadagno who assumed office in 2009. In 1787 it became the third state to ratify the U.S. Constitution. for example William N. Jeffers of Salem County, New Jersey, build his political success on leadership with the Jacksonian forces at the local level, while at the same time building his fortune with a bank charter and building a steam mill.[26]. The city of New Amsterdam was renamed New York (after the Duke of York). The Duke of York, though he had conveyed away his powers of government when he sold the province to Berkley and Carteret, in 1664, unjustly claimed West Jersey as a dependency of New … He took advantage of military coercion in order to increase his own power, shown in an event with Van Slechtenhorst. A few days later, British General Charles Cornwallis hoped to engage Washington's army at Trenton after Washington recrossed the Delaware River, resulting in the Second Battle of Trenton. It was called "America's First Defense Airport" because it was opened as a gunnery training area for fighter pilots. Contrary to popular belief, the Hindenburg had flown an entire year of successful voyages before it caught on fire. A Brief History of the State of New Jersey. This was not enough to stave off 317 Dutch soldiers the next year, however. Suffrage had been awarded to those groups under the original New Jersey State Constitution of 1776. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Descendants of Founders of New Jersey; a society of those associated with the earliest development of our state. The Great Compromise accepted both plans, creating two separate bodies in the Congress. During the war Long Pond Ironworks and Batsto Iron Works (both founded 1766) supplied munitions to American troops. Each province was independently governed and passed laws specific to the region. The exact line between West and East Jersey generally corresponded to the Keith Line between present day South and North Jersey and was created by George Keith. The goal was to benefit existing urban and older suburban areas and to protect the state’s natural resources. Since New Jersey was ideally located next to the Atlantic Ocean, colonists farmed, fished, and traded by sea. It historically tended to lean Republican, but, in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, voters more decidedly supported the Democrats, who have since frequently controlled the state legislature. As New Jersey moves through its fourth century of history, it continues to fulfill its potential as a diverse and richly gifted state. Printz helped to improve the military and commercial status of the colony by constructing Fort Nya Elfsborg, near present-day Salem on the east side of the Delaware River. New Jersey, A History. Governors were allowed to serve four years instead of three, and the Legislature was constituted with a 40-member Senate and an 80-member General Assembly. It was not until 1830 that most blacks were free in the state. Over 1,000 British casualties were incurred while the Americans lost 452 men. The last major battle to take place in New Jersey during the Revolutionary War (and for the rest of the history of New Jersey) was the Battle of Springfield. The letters were ultimately determined to have been mailed there by a Maryland-based scientist. Official website of the State of NJ. Contents. The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey was a large integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing organization, founded by Henry H. Rogers, William Rockefeller, and John D. Rockefeller. The economy of New Jersey was largely based on agriculture, but crop failures and poor soil plagued the settlers of New Jersey. [28] New Jersey at first refused to ratify the Constitutional Amendment banning slavery. During the Mexican–American War, a battalion of volunteers from New Jersey, in four companies, was active from September 1847 to July 1848. Until 1738 a single governor ruled New Jersey and New York. During World War II (1939-1945) and the Cold War (c. 1947-1991), New Jersey's shipyards and military bases played an important role in the defense of the United States. However, after the court decision, disagreements between New Jersey and New York led to the sharing of jurisdiction over the island by the two states. [2], Later other Native Americans settled in New Jersey. In 1658, Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant "re-purchased" the entire peninsula known as Bergen Neck, and in 1661 granted a charter to the village at Bergen, establishing the oldest municipality in the state. Almost a century passed before colonization began with the arrival in 1609 of the English navigator Henry Hudson, who sent a party to explore Sandy Hook Bay. It was from there that many soldiers were deployed to Hoboken before shipping off to Europe. Only two days after the new constitution was enacted, on July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was endorsed by five representatives from New Jersey. The people of New Jersey also cast their electoral votes for George B. McClellan when he ran for President against Abraham Lincoln in the election of 1864. The British at Princeton were forced to surrender. Native Americans moved into New Jersey soon after the reversal of the Younger Dryas; before then an ice sheet hundreds of feet thick had made the area of northern New Jersey uninhabitable. In the summer of 1783, the Continental Congress met in Nassau Hall of Princeton University. Politically, New Jersey is often a swing state in national elections. Through this period, New Jersey's population and employment rate increased greatly. Baron von Knyphausen, the Hessian general, hoped to invade New Jersey and expected support from colonists of New Jersey who were tired of the war. [32] It was used as a training and staging ground throughout the war. See Molly Pitcher. The New Jersey Colony was originally named the Province of New Jersey, after the British island named Jersey. Native Americans moved into New Jersey soon after the reversal of the Younger Dryas; before then an ice sheet hundreds of feet thick had made the area of northern New Jersey uninhabitable. They also fished in the region surrounding the Delaware River, the lower Hudson River, and western Long Island Sound. The Coast Guard station at what is now Sandy Hook Gateway Park was manned for the duration of the war to protect New York harbor. The Delaware and Raritan canal ran from New Brunswick, New Jersey, on the Raritan River, to Bordentown, New Jersey, on the Delaware River. He also is credited with improving the designs of the incandescent light bulb, radio, the telegraph, and the telephone. Block, H. Christiaensen and C. Mey surveyed land between the 40th and 45th parallels along the Atlantic coast and named the area they surveyed New Netherlands. The British encountered little resistance, perhaps due to the unpopularity of the Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant. In its early years of statehood, New Jersey concentrated on rebuilding its economy from the damage done during the war. The state was the site of more than 100 battles, earning it the nickname Crossroads of the Revolution. In the 19th century, New Jersey cities led the United States into the Industrial Revolution and provided soldiers for many of the wars the United States fought, including 88,000 men for the American Civil War. Public dissatisfaction with the power of the trusts and public utilities reached a high point at the time of the election of Gov. The colony had originally been settled by the Dutch as part of New Netherland, but came under British rule after the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, becoming a proprietary colony. [9], Part of southwestern New Jersey was settled by the Swedes by the mid-17th century. [44] at the Glassboro State College. Over 1,500 pilots were trained for advanced aircraft fighting at this airport. New Jersey was one of the original thirteen colonies that joined in the struggle for independence from Great Britain. The first permanent European settlement was established by the Dutch at Bergen (now Jersey City) in 1660. In 1938, Orson Welles produced The War of the Worlds radio broadcast. New Jersey was the first state to ratify Prohibition, which restricted the purchasing and selling of alcohol. Later, the Continental army slipped past Cornwallis's stalled army and launched an attack on British soldiers stationed at Princeton in the Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777. This was the first port in the world to containerize due to the innovation of Malcolm McLean and the founding of the Sea-Land Corporation. However, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which banned alcohol manufacturing & sales, was later repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment in December 1933. Finally, a ransom note was located and traced to Bruno Hauptmann; the bill had the license plate number of Hauptmann's Dodge Saloon that was written down by a gas attendant. In 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution.[1]. McClellan was later elected governor, serving from 1878 to 1881. New Jersey’s legislative history is particularly complex because the Quinpartite Deed of 1676 divided the colony into two distinct provinces: East Jersey and West Jersey. [21] Throughout the war hundreds of engagements occurred in New Jersey, more than in any other colony. The Native Americans and Paleo-Indians fished in all rivers and streams using nets and fish hooks and by hand. He started the Motion Picture Patents Company. In the year 1664, the Duke of York, proprietary of the province of New York, assigned to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret the tract of country to the east of the Delaware River, and extending to the Hudson and the Atlantic. Unemployment services are only accessed through that site. These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 29 April 2006, 2004–05 gubernatorial vacancy and subsequent events, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution on December 18, 1787, with 38 delegates voting unanimously in favor of the Constitution. This sale divided the province into East Jersey and West Jersey. Peter Stuyvesant surrendered to the English without a fight. [37] Nearly 500,000 residents enlisted for the war,[38] more than 10% of the total population of New Jersey. New Jersey was an important state during the Revolutionary War because of its location near the center of the thirteen colonies and between New York City and Philadelphia. The agricultural products from New Jersey usually were transported to larger markets in New York City and Philadelphia, requiring better transportation. Between the Revolutionary and Civil wars, New Jersey underwent tremendous industrial development, largely abetted by the construction of canals and, later, railroads. King Charles II had granted the lands between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers to the Duke. The Province of New Jersey was one of the Middle Colonies of Colonial America and became New Jersey, a state of the United States in 1783. The airfield, currently known as McGuire Air Force Base, was opened in 1937 as Rudd Field, a supporting Army airfield for Fort Dix. In the aftermath of these riots, 135 people were arrested.[42][43]. New Jersey is referred to as the "Crossroads of the Revolution" because the British and Continental armies fought several crucial battles there. The Holland Tunnel, under the Hudson River, was completed in 1927, providing a means of easy transportation between New Jersey and New York City. Seventy-one stores were damaged and 46 people were injured. Publication date 1868 Topics Elizabeth (N.J.) -- History, Union County (N.J.) -- History Publisher New York : Carlton & Lanahan Collection Princeton; americana In 1664, James, the Duke of York, received control of New Netherland. In addition to these, air defense radar sites, bases for interceptor aircraft, anti-aircraft gun batteries, surface-to-air missile sites, and command and control facilities were constructed to defend against an attack by long range, nuclear-armed aircraft of the Soviet Air Force. Jon Corzine was elected Governor of New Jersey on November 8, 2005, and took office on January 17, 2006. Five major battles were fought at Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth, Union and Springfield. Its buildings were painted with protective camouflage patterns. Towns in New Jersey, such as Middletown which had many residents die in the attacks, suffered from the losses.[50]. The incidents occurred during a deadly heat wave and polio epidemic in the Northeastern United States that drove thousands of people to the seaside resorts of the Jersey Shore. New Jersey played a major role in creating the structure of the new United States Government. New Jersey. Throughout the colonial era, New Jersey was agrarian and rural, attracting a diverse population of … 1912 - New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson is elected the 28th President of the United States. On December 18, 1787, New Jersey became the third state to ratify the United States Constitution, and on November 20, 1789, New Jersey became the first state in the Nation to ratify the United States Bill of Rights. History of Elizabeth, New Jersey : including the early history of Union County by Hatfield, Edwin F. (Edwin Francis), 1807-1883. With the 1676 Quintipartite Deed more accurate surveys and maps were made resulting in the Thornton Line, drawn around 1696, and the Lawrence Line, drawn around 1743, which was adopted as the final line for legal purposes. The new State Constitution also returned the right of suffrage to females and non-whites. The division continued until 1702, when the entire province reverted to the crown. Stories of New Jersey, "New Jersey in the American Revolution, 1763-1783: A Documentary History", New Jersey county information for students, Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Jersey&oldid=995172866, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Named for the island of Jersey in the English Channel, its capital city is Trenton. After recapturing Trenton, he ordered charges on fortified defenses at Assunpink Creek. The Province of New Jersey was one of the Middle Colonies of Colonial America and became New Jersey, a state of United States in 1783. Many of the New Jersey settlers still felt ties of loyalty to the British crown, and many slaves sided with the British in exchange for freedom. From August 11 to August 13, 1964, similar riots occurred in Paterson and Elizabeth. Through the 1800s, over a dozen companies were operating railroad lines. A week later, Washington won another vital battle at Princeton, routing the British forces under Col. Charles Mawhood. In 1609, Sir Henry Hudson sailing for the Dutch East India Company,[5] explored the East Coast including the Delaware, Raritan, Newark, New York bays and the Hudson Valley. They lived here starting at least 10,000 years ago. Considerable division occurred within the state over the American Revolution, and Tory activity was heavy. Before, ferries were required to travel across the Hudson River. In the Elizabeth riot, six people were injured and seventeen stores were damaged. The attacks caused 2,986 deaths, including about 700 residents of New Jersey. Paleo-Indians first settled in the area of present-day New Jersey after the Wisconsin Glacier melted around 13,000 B.C. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc. Klinghoffer and Elkis. While approaching a mooring mast at Lakehurst, the zeppelin suddenly caught fire, and within 34 seconds the entire hydrogen-filled zeppelin was engulfed in flames; 36 people died in the disaster, most of them leaping from the burning ship. 23,116 of those soldiers served in the Army of the Potomac. James J. Finn was a lieutenant who attempted to capture the kidnapper while he was passing off ransom bills. During the Great Depression, 20-month-old Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr., son of famous aviator Charles Lindbergh, was abducted from his home near Hopewell, New Jersey in the Lindbergh kidnapping. On Election Day, November 8, 2005, the voters passed an amendment to the state constitution creating the position of Lieutenant Governor, effective with the 2009 elections. Kearny distinguished himself as a brilliant officer during the Peninsula Campaign, and was promoted to the position of major general. They spoke an Algonquian dialect. Underneath the constitution, the people had the right to elect the governor. [24] As agriculture became a less reliable source of income for New Jerseyans, many began turning towards more industrialized methods. Stuyvesant grew haughty in his treatment of his opponents and threatened to dissolve the council in response to an angry outbreak at a meeting of commissioners in September 1650. 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